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马萨诸塞州南堡的幼儿园-九年级

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丰富的数学任务

Daintry Duffy Zaterka '88
仔细看看你的低年级学生今年带回家的那个钟或那组五子棋。 They’re more than just “cool projects” – they are the product of meaningful hands-on experiences that have been designed to deepen students’ mathematical understanding。
当学生们坐在低年级校长Lainie Schuster办公室的沙发上时,他们的手指经常被咖啡桌上散落的色彩鲜艳的丙烯酸形状所吸引。 他们翻动,转动,交换几何碎片,试图使它们完美地适合一个动物的木制形式。 一些学生以惊人的轻松解决了这个挑战,而另一些学生则在变量的数量上挣扎。
 
These pentomino puzzles, which have been created by 贝博体育app’s fourth grade math students, are more than just colorful games。 它们是对同余和空间关系的探索,这是四年级几何学习的两个基本基础。
 
构建五音拼图是一项丰富的数学任务,可以帮助三年级和四年级的学生探索、推理、解决问题、交流和反思他们正在学习的数学概念。 这些项目不需要记住规则和
在回答和方法上是开放式的。 “Some students who are number-crunchers can find these tasks difficult,” says Lainie, who also teaches fourth grade math。 “On the other hand, students who are visual thinkers may find these tasks easy but struggle with multiplication and long division,” she says。 “What I love about these projects is that kids begin to understand that this is mathematics, too!”
 
“In order for a child to understand something, he must construct it himself, he must re-invent it。” – Jean Piaget
 
Pentominoes, which are sets of twelve polygon pieces each composed of five equal-sized squares, have long been a way for 贝博体育’s fourth grade math students to explore spatial reasoning。 这些碎片可以以多种方式排列成一个矩形,对于习惯了只有一个正确答案的数学问题的学生来说,这是一个令人难以置信的想法。 去年,Lainie与设计,技术和创新老师Allison Bishop合作,通过让每个学生创造自己的五音音拼图,为五音音单元添加了新的内容。
 
项目的第一步是让每个学生从他们选择的五多米诺骨牌中创造一个动物形状。 接下来,每个学生将动物的物理格式塔转移到方格纸上并画出来,确保12个五音音符中的每一个都符合草图。 然后,学生们把纸上的五音笔草图带到数字素养实验室,并将他们的设计转换成2D设计,这是一种软件程序,可以让学生在屏幕上设计,并将他们的作品发送到激光切割机上。
Transferring the design from paper to screen was the trickiest step for many students as they suddenly discovered that their pentomino pieces didn't fit, their giraffe’s neck was too long, or there were 57 squares in a design that should have 60! 艾莉森解释说,一些学生对五音结构、纸上草图和数字设计都是一回事的概念感到困惑。 “Eventually, students began to understand that they were just looking at the same information in three different ways,” she says。
 
该项目还挑战了学生对一些基本几何概念的深入理解。 例如,每一种五音兽都有
面积为60平方,但周长因设计而异。 “The students gained a first-hand understanding of congruence, understanding that shapes are the same whether you flip them, turn them, or rotate them,” Lainie adds。 “It’s one thing to do it physically, but it’s another to do it conceptually。”
 
“Learning is experience。 Everything else is just information。” ——爱因斯坦
 
在三年级,学生们使用模拟时钟来告诉和写时间到最近的分钟,并计算经过的时间。 他们将时间划分为15分钟的增量,并探索秒、分钟和小时之间的时间转换。 Third grade math teacher Maura Oare admits that it’s not a unit that students find thrilling given the prevalence of digital clocks, but in addition to cementing a basic life skill, analog time-telling helps students to build number sense and practice their addition and subtraction strategies as they work on time problems。
 
作为单元的一部分,莫拉和艾利森与每个学生一起设计和建造他们自己的工作时钟。 每个学生设计一个具有特殊意义的钟面。 今年,学生们的设计包括一个橄榄球形状的超级碗时钟,一个冲向地球的小行星,甚至还有一个形状像鸡的时钟! The only design constraints are that the clock can be no larger than 6”x6”, must have numbers and a space for hands in the center, and feature the student’s name somewhere on the clock face。
 
使用2D设计软件,学生们创建了自己的时钟设计,并在时钟边缘添加数字和打勾标记。 激光切割机切割出每个形状,并将设计特征呈现在钟面上。 然后,木制钟面被带回教室,学生们在那里给它们上色,添加手绘设计,并建立一条装配线,为每个钟面安装时钟指针和马达。
 
In a forthcoming co-written article for the 国际科学与数学教育杂志 entitled “Geometry and Design Thinking in the Elementary School,” Lainie and Allison explain that hands-on projects like the clocks and pentominoes offer an immersive math experience that challenges students’ problem solving skills and enriches their understanding of foundational concepts。 Lainie and Allison note that the objects created in these projects “hold a story, and the story includes the design process, the pride of accomplishment, and the core subject learning objectives interwoven into the project。”
 
什么是有意义的数学任务?
像创造五音拼图和时钟这样的活动,以丰富他们理解的方式,吸引学生学习和应用数学主题。 According to the authors of 理解:用理解教与学数学 (Hiebert et al。 1997) there are three features of meaningful mathematical tasks:
 
1。 任务是有问题的。 学生们认为这个问题很有趣。 作为解决问题的贝博体育app,有一些东西需要发现,也有一些东西需要理解。
 
2。 这些任务与学生所处的位置有关。 学生必须能够运用他们已经拥有的知识和技能来开发完成任务或解决问题的方法。
 
3。 这些任务让学生思考重要的数学问题。 学生必须有机会反思重要的数学思想,并从经验中汲取一些有数学价值的东西。
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