低年级更新-数学故事讲述者
Daintry Duffy Zaterka '88
It’s one thing for a 较低的学校 student to know the algorithm for multiplication, but quite another to show understanding by applying the algorithm correctly in a problem-solving context.
一个好的数学故事问题是混乱的。 学生必须仔细分析语言,以理解上下文并确定所需的操作。 单词问题也会误导人。 Superfluous information and nuanced keywords like “take away,” “total,” and “in all” tempt students to make rash calculations. Story problems challenge a young mathematician’s understanding—and sometimes reveal its fragility—in a way that rote number calculations do not. “At 贝博体育, we focus on the conceptual as well as the procedural,” says Head of 较低的学校 and fifth grade math teacher Lainie Schuster. “A balanced mathematician needs both. The engineers of the world are not given a list of calculations—they are faced with a problem, and they use calculations to solve it.”
在三年级,学生们被鼓励写下和讨论他们的数学思维。 例如,在学习了一个新的乘法策略后,他们在一张便利贴上写下他们所学到的贝博体彩app该策略的一件事,并将其放在墙上的锚图上。 通常,学生们会与同学分享他们的便利贴,然后根据收到的反馈更新他们的反思。 老师会提前和学生一起对关键词进行头脑风暴,强调具体和使用丰富的数学词汇的重要性。 学生们开始写自己的应用题来展示他们对一个特定程序的理解,他们的日常数学作业通常包含一个问题,要求他们解释他们是如何得到一个特定的答案的,为什么他们的答案是正确的,或者解决问题的特定方法是否有效。
四年级学生在数学期刊上写下他们的数学思维,在那里他们回应写作提示,并被要求有效地解释他们的思维。 “The students have a limited amount of space, which requires them to use precise language and a set structure,” says fourth grade math teacher Maura Oare. 混合阅读理解和数学理解技能,学生陈述自己的观点,提供支持,然后添加视觉表现,如绘图或图表,以加强他们的证明。 学生们使用图形组织者来解读不同的故事问题结构,从不重要的信息中挑选重要的信息,定义问题要求他们做什么,并确定找到解决方案所需的操作。 低年级的数学老师经常要求学生用多种方法解决问题。 “Not every solution fits every problem,” explains Maura. “As mathematics becomes more complex, some strategies expire.”
在整个低年级,学生们都被鼓励自己写应用题,这进一步拓展了他们的数学思维。 “When kids write story problems, they have to manipulate so much mentally to create the context, determine how the context relates to the numbers, and ensure their calculations make sense,” says Lainie. 在五年级,学生们在他们的数学和数字扫盲班的合作项目中磨练他们的数学讲故事技能。 每个学生必须通过创造和解决他们自己的一套主题题来展示他们对五种不同类型的乘法和除法故事问题结构的掌握程度。 学生选择反映他们的兴趣和激情的主题,从曲棍球到鸡! 每个习题集必须包括一个矩形数组问题、一个相等分组问题、一个比率问题、一个笛卡尔乘积问题和一个乘法比较问题。 学生们在低年级走廊的海报上展示他们的问题,并配上图形。
Sixth graders culminate their study of fractions by demonstrating how to scale a family recipe up or down by multiplying by 2, by 1⁄2, by 2⁄3, and by 1 1⁄2. 学生必须使用他们在这一年中学过的三种乘法策略:重复加法、华夫饼法和蝴蝶法。 然后,学生们制作一段自己制作新版本家庭食谱的视频,并解释他们如何计算每种成分的数量。 数学老师艾米丽·桑佩里鼓励她的学生把故事问题、数字和符号看作是讲述同一个故事的两种方式。 “Sometimes, I’ll write random numbers on the board and ask someone to tell me a story that goes with them. The exercise helps me realize who doesn’t understand and where their misconceptions are, and it helps the students to connect math to real-world situations.”
The emphasis on reading, writing, and mathematical language in 较低的学校 helps develop the pre-algebraic thinking that students will need to unravel complex problems in 上学校 math’s problem-based learning units. “Algebra is all about the graph, the rule, and the word problem all telling the same story,” says Lainie. “When kids learn the calculation in isolation from the story problem, they don’t see the relationships, and math is all about building upon relationships.”
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